I. Tirohanga Whānui mō te Mahi Matua
Trimethylamine N-waikura dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) He mea nui te tāpiringa whāngai maha-mahi i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua ika. I kitea tuatahitia hei mea kukume kai matua i roto i te paraoa ika. Heoi, nā te rangahau hōhonu, kua huraina ngā mahi ā-tinana nui ake, ā, he mea nui tēnei hei whakapai ake i te hauora me te tipu o ngā kararehe wai.

II. Ngā Whakamahinga Matua me ngā Tikanga Mahi

1. Kaiāwhina Whāngai Kaha
Koinei te tūranga tino rongonui, tino rongonui hoki a TMAO.

• Tikanga: He maha ngā hua wai, inā koaika moana,kei roto i ngā mea tūturu he nui ngā kukū o te TMAO, he pūtake matua tēnei o te reka "umami" o ngā ika moana. He tino tairongo ngā pūnaha hongi me te reka o ngā kararehe wai ki te TMAO, e mōhiotia ana he "tohu kai".
• Ngā Pānga:
  • Te Whakanui Ake i te Kai e Hokona ana: Mā te tāpiri i te TMAO ki te kai ka tino whakaoho i te hiahia o ngā ika me ngā kōura, inā koa i ngā wā tīmatanga o te kai, i ngā momo kai whiriwhiri rānei, ka tere ai te kukume i a rātou ki te kai.
  • Te Whakaiti i te Wā Whāngai: Ka whakapoto i te wā e noho ana te kai i roto i te wai, ka whakaiti i te ngaronga o te kai me te parahanga o te wai.
  • Te Whakamahinga ki ngā Whāngai Rerekē: Ina whakamahia ngā pūmua tipu (hei tauira, te paraoa pīni soya) hei whakakapi i te paraoa ika, mā te tāpiri i te TMAO ka taea te whakakapi i te kore reka me te whakapai ake i te reka o te whāngai.

2. Osmolyte (Kaiwhakahaere Pēhanga Osmotic)
He mahi tino nui tēnei a te TMAO mō ngā ika moana me ngā ika diadromous.

• Tikanga: He taiao hyperosmotic te wai moana, e ngaro tonu ai te wai i roto i te tinana o te ika ki te moana. Hei pupuri i te taurite o te wai o roto, ka inu ngā ika moana i te wai moana, ā, ka kohikohi i ngā kukū teitei o ngā ion inorganic (hei tauira, Na⁺, Cl⁻). Ka mahi te TMAO hei "solute hototahi" ka taea te ārai i ngā pānga whakararuraru o ngā kukū teitei o ngā ion ki te hanganga pūmua, ka āwhina ki te whakaū i te mahi pūmua o roto.
• Ngā Pānga:
  • Te Whakaiti i te Whakapaunga Pūngao Osmoregulatory: Te Tāpiri kiTMAOKa āwhina i ngā ika moana ki te whakahaere i te pēhanga osmotic kia pai ake te whakahaere, kia nui ake ai te pūngao mai i te "pupuri i te ora" ki te "tipu me te whakaputa uri".
  • Te Manawanui ki te Ahotea: I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te piki me te heke o te tote, te ahotea taiao rānei, ka āwhina te tāpiringa TMAO ki te pupuri i te noho tahi o te tinana me te whakapai ake i ngā reiti oranga.

3. Kaiwhakaū Pūmua
Kei a TMAO te kaha ahurei ki te tiaki i te hanganga toru-ahu o ngā pūmua.

• Tikanga: I raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea (hei tauira, te pāmahana teitei, te maroke, te pēhanga teitei), ka ngāwari ngā pūmua ki te memeha me te kore e whakahohe. Ka taea e te TMAO te taunekeneke ā-kore ki ngā ngota pūmua, ka tangohia atu i te porowhita wai o te pūmua, ā, mā reira ka pumau te āhua piko taketake o te pūmua me te ārai i te memeha.
• Ngā Pānga:
  • Ka Tiaki i te Hauora o te Puku: I te wā e nakunaku ana, me noho tonu te kaha o ngā whākōkī puku. Ka taea e te TMAO te whakaū i ēnei whākōkī nakunaku, ka whakapai ake i te nakunaku me te whakamahinga o te kai.
  • Ka Whakarei Ake i te Ātete ki te Ahotea: I ngā wā wera nui, i ngā wā kawe waka rānei, ina pāngia ngā kararehe wai e te ahotea wera, ka āwhina te TMAO ki te tiaki i te pumau o ngā momo pūmua mahi (hei tauira, ngā whākōkī, ngā pūmua hanganga) i roto i te tinana, ka whakaiti i ngā kino e pā ana ki te ahotea.

4. Whakapai ake i te Hauora me te Āhua o te Whekau

• Tikanga: Mā ngā pānga whakahaere osmore me te whakau pūmua o te TMAO ka whakaratohia he taiao moroiti pumau ake mō ngā pūtau puku. Tērā pea ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā villi puku, ka whakanui ake i te horahanga o te mata mimiti.
• Ngā Pānga:
  • Ka Whakatairanga i te Mimihanga Matūkai: Ko te āhua hauora o te puku ko te tikanga he pai ake te kaha mimihanga matūkai, he mea nui tēnei ki te whakapai ake i te ōwehenga hurihanga kai.
  • Ka Whakapai Ake i te Mahi Ārai Puku: Tērā pea ka āwhina i te pupuri i te pono o te kiriuhi puku, ka whakaiti i te whakaekenga mai o ngā huaketo me ngā paitini.

5. Kaituku Methyl
Ka taea e te TMAO te whai wāhi ki te pākia o te tinana, hei kaituku methyl.

• Tikanga: I te wā o te pākia o te tinana,TMAO ka taea te whakarato i ngā rōpū methyl hohe, e whai wāhi ana ki ngā tauhohenga matū koiora nui, pērā i te hanganga o ngā phospholipids, te creatine, me ngā neurotransmitters.
• Pānga: Ka whakatairanga i te tipu, inā koa i ngā wā tipu tere e piki ake ai te hiahia mō ngā rōpū methyl; Ka taea e te tāpiringa TMAO te āwhina ki te whakatutuki i tēnei hiahia.

III. Ngā Whāinga me ngā Whakaaro mō te Taupānga

• Ngā Whāinga Taupānga Matua:
  • Ngā Ika Moana: Pērā i te turbot, te grouper, te large yellow croaker, te sea bass, me ētahi atu. Ko te mea nui rawa atu kia whiwhi rātou i te TMAO nā te mea he mea nui tana mahi whakahaere osmore.
  • Ika Diadromous: Pērā i ngā hāmana (tāmona), e hiahia ana hoki ki tēnei i te wā mahi pāmu moana.
  • Ngā pāpaka: Pērā i te kōura/parāoa me te pāpaka. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā rangahau he pai ngā pānga o te TMAO ki te kukume me te whakatairanga i te tipu.
  • Ika Wai Māori: Ahakoa kāore ngā ika wai māori e hanga i te TMAO, ka taea tonu e ā rātou pūnaha hongi te kite i tēnei mea, ā, ka whai hua hei kukume kai. Heoi, kāore te mahi whakahaere osmore e mahi i roto i te wai māori.
• Te Inenga me ngā Whakaaroaro:
  • Inenga: Ko te nui o te tāpiri ki te whāngai he 0.1% ki te 0.3% (arā, 1-3 kg mō ia tana o te whāngai). Me whakatau te inenga motuhake i runga i ngā whakamātautau e whai whakaaro ana ki te momo i whakatipuria, te wāhanga tipu, te hanganga whāngai, me ngā āhuatanga taiao wai.
  • Te Hononga ki te Choline me te Betaine: Ko te Choline me te betaine he matū mua ki te TMAO, ā, ka taea te huri hei TMAO i roto i te tinana. Heoi, kāore e taea e rātou te whakakapi katoa i te TMAO nā te iti o te whai huatanga o te hurihanga me ngā mahi kukume ahurei a te TMAO me te whakapūmau pūmua. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngātahitia ēnei.
  • Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Horomanga Nui rawa: Mā te tāpiri nui rawa (kei runga ake i te horopeta kua tūtohutia) ka maumauria pea te utu, ā, ka pā kino pea ki ētahi momo, engari e kiia ana he haumaru i ngā taumata tāpiri tikanga.

IV. Whakarāpopototanga
He tino whai hua te Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) hei tāpiri whāngai, he maha ngā mahi i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua e whakauru ana i ngā mahi o te kukume whāngai, te whakahaere i te pēhanga osmotic, te whakatau i te pūmua, me te whakapai ake i te hauora o te puku.

Ehara i te mea ka whakapiki tika i te tere o te kai me te tere tipu o ngā kararehe wai anake, engari ka whakarei ake hoki i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga kai me te hauora o ngā rauropi mā te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao ā-tinana me te whakapakari i te ātete ki te ahotea. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakaratohia he tautoko hangarau kaha mō te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga, te whai huatanga, me te whanaketanga pumau o te mahi ahuwhenua ika. I roto i ngā kai wai o ēnei rā, inā koa ko ngā kai ika moana kounga teitei, kua noho hei wāhanga matua e kore e taea te wareware.