He pai te pānga o te Betaine ki te puku o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai, engari he maha ngā wā ka warewarehia ina whakaarohia he tāpiringa hei tautoko i te hauora o te puku, hei whakaiti rānei i ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te mate korere i te whakamutua te kai. Ka pā te tāpiri o te betaine hei matūkai mahi ki te whāngai i ngā kararehe i roto i ngā huarahi maha.
Tuatahi, he tino kaha te kaha o te betaine ki te tuku i ngā rōpū methyl, i roto i te ate kararehe. Nā te whakawhiti i ngā rōpū methyl kāore i te pumau, ka whakarei ake te hanganga o ngā momo matū pēnei i te methionine, te carnitine me te creatine. Nō reira, ka pā te betaine ki te pūmua, te ngako me te pākia o te pūngao o ngā kararehe, ā, ka whai hua ki te whakarerekē i te hanganga o te tinana.
Tuarua, ka taea te tāpiri i te betaine ki te whāngai hei ārai i te uruhanga rauropi. Ka mahi te Betaine hei ārai i te wai, hei āwhina i ngā pūtau puta noa i te tinana ki te pupuri i te taurite wai me te mahi pūtau, inā koa i ngā wā ahotea. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te pānga pai o te betaine ki ngā kararehe e pāngia ana e te ahotea wera.
Kua whakaahuahia ngā pānga pai ki te mahi a ngā kararehe hei hua o te tāpiringa betaine i roto i te āhua waikore, i te āhua hauwaiwai rānei. Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki ngā huarahi maha hei whakamahi i te betaine hei tāpiringa whāngai hei tautoko i te hauora o te puku i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai.
He maha ngā rangahau betaine kua pūrongo i ngā pānga o te betaine ki te nakunaku o ngā matūkai i roto i te ileum me te koroni o ngā poaka. Ko ngā kitenga maha o te pikinga o te nakunaku o te muka i roto i te ileum (te muka mata, te muka hopi koretake me te waikawa) e kī ana ka whakaoho te betaine i te whakapūtanga huakita i roto i te whekau iti nā te mea kāore ngā enterocytes e whakaputa i ngā whākōkī e whakaiti ana i te muka. Kei roto i ngā wāhanga tipu muka ngā matūkai ka taea te tuku ina pirau ngā muka moroiti. Nō reira, i kitea anō he whakapainga o te nakunaku o te mea maroke me te pungarehu mata. I te taumata o te ara gastrointestinal katoa, ko ngā poaka i whāngaihia ki te kai 800 mg betaine/kg i whakaatu i te whakapainga o te nakunaku o te pūmua mata (+6.4%) me te mea maroke (+4.2%). I tua atu, i kitea e tētahi atu rangahau ko te nakunaku whānui o te pūmua mata (+3.7%) me te tangohanga ether (+6.7%) i whakapai ake me te tāpiringa betaine i te 1250 mg/kg.
Ko tētahi take pea mō te pikinga o te mimiti matūkai i kitea ko te pānga o te betaine ki te whakaputanga whākōkī. I arotakehia e tētahi rangahau in vivo tata nei mō ngā pānga o te tāpiringa betaine i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whākōkī te mahi a ngā whākōkī nakunaku (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin me te chymotrypsin) i roto i te digesta (Pikitia 1). I piki ake te mahi a ngā whākōkī katoa, haunga te maltase, ā, i kitea ake te pānga o te betaine i te horopeta o te 2500 mg betaine/kg whāngai i te horopeta o te 1250 mg/kg whāngai. Tērā pea ka puta te pikinga o te mahi mai i te pikinga o te whakaputanga whākōkī, engari tērā pea ka puta mai i te pikinga o te whai huatanga whakaterenga o ngā whākōkī. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau in vitro ka aukatia ngā mahi trypsin me te amylase mā te hanga i te pēhanga osmotic teitei mā te tāpiri o te NaCl. I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, nā te tāpiri o te betaine i ngā kukū rerekē i whakahoki mai te pānga aukati o te NaCl me te whakapai ake i te mahi whākōkī. Heoi, i te korenga o te konutai pūhaumāota i tāpirihia ki te otinga ārai, kāore he pānga o te matatini whakauru betaine ki te mahi whākōkī i ngā kukū iti iho, engari i whakaatuhia he pānga aukati i ngā kukū teitei.
Kua pūrongohia te whakapai ake i te tipu me ngā tere hurihanga whāngai i roto i ngā poaka e whāngaihia ana ki te betaine, me te whakapai ake i te nakunaku. Mā te tāpiri i te betaine ki ngā kai poaka ka whakaitihia hoki ngā hiahia pūngao o te kararehe. Ko te whakapae mō tēnei pānga i kitea ko te wā e wātea ana te betaine hei pupuri i te pēhanga osmotic intracellular, ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā papu katote (he tukanga e hiahia ana ki te pūngao). Nō reira, i roto i ngā āhuatanga e iti ana te kai pūngao, e matapaetia ana ka nui ake te pānga o te tāpiringa betaine mā te whakanui ake i te tipu kaua mā te pupuri i ngā hiahia pūngao.
Me aro atu ngā pūtau epithelial o te pakitara whekau ki ngā āhuatanga osmotic tino rerekē i hangaia e ngā ihirangi o te lumen whekau i te wā e nakunaku ana ngā matūkai. I taua wā anō, he mea nui ēnei pūtau epithelial whekau mō te whakahaere i te whakawhiti wai me ngā matūkai rerekē i waenga i te lumen whekau me te plasma. Hei tiaki i ngā pūtau mai i ēnei āhuatanga kino, he mea nui te betaine hei whakauru rauropi. Ki te tirohia te kukū o te betaine i roto i ngā kiko rerekē, ka kite koe he nui ngā taumata o te betaine i roto i te kiko whekau. Hei tāpiri, kua kitea ko ēnei taumata ka pāngia e ngā kukū betaine kai. Ka pai ake te kaha whakaputa uri me te pumau o ngā pūtau taurite. Hei whakarāpopototanga, i kitea e ngā kairangahau ko te pikinga o ngā taumata betaine i roto i ngā poaka iti ka whakanui ake i te teitei o ngā villi duodenal me te hohonutanga o ngā crypts ileal, ā, ka rite ake te villi.
I tētahi atu rangahau, i kitea te pikinga o te teitei o ngā villous, engari kāore he pānga ki te hohonutanga o te crypt, i roto i te duodenum, te jejunum, me te ileum. Tērā pea he mea nui ake te pānga tiaki o te betaine ki te hanganga o te puku i roto i ngā mate motuhake (osmotic), pērā i te mea i kitea i roto i ngā heihei broiler me te coccidia.
Ko te ārai puku he mea hanga tuatahi mai i ngā pūtau epithelial e piri tahi ana tetahi ki tetahi mā roto i ngā pūmua hononga piri. He mea nui te pumau o tēnei ārai hei ārai i te urunga mai o ngā matū kino me ngā huakita pathogenic ka puta ai te mumura. I roto i ngā poaka, e whakaarohia ana ko ngā pānga kino ki te ārai puku he hua o te poke o ngā kai me ngā paitini myco, o tētahi rānei o ngā pānga kino o te ahotea wera.
Hei ine i te pānga ki te pānga ārai, ka whakamātauhia ngā raina pūtau i roto i te vitro mā te ine i te ātete hiko transepithelial (TEER). Kua kitea ngā whakapainga o te TEER i roto i ngā whakamātautau in vitro maha nā te whakamahinga o te betaine. Ka heke te TEER ina whakaatuhia ngā pūtau ki ngā pāmahana teitei (42°C) (Pikitia 2). Ko te tāpiri o te betaine ki te reo tipu o ēnei pūtau wera i ārai i te hekenga o te TEER, e tohu ana i te pai ake o te manawanui wera. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau in vivo i roto i ngā poaka iti te pikinga o te whakaaturanga o ngā pūmua hononga piri (occludin, claudin1 me te zonula occlusions-1) i roto i te kiko jejunal o ngā kararehe e whiwhi ana i te betaine i te horopeta o te 1250 mg/kg ki te whakataurite ki te rōpū whakahaere. Hei tāpiri, ko te mahi diamine oxidase, he tohu o te kino o te mucosal whēkau, i tino heke i roto i te plasma o ēnei poaka, e tohu ana i te kaha ake o te ārai whēkau. I te wā i tāpirihia ai te betaine ki te kai o ngā poaka whakaoti, i inehia te pikinga o te kaha kume whēkau i te patunga.
Nō nā tata nei, he maha ngā rangahau kua hono i te betaine ki te pūnaha antioxidant, ā, i whakaahuahia te whakahekenga o ngā radicals kore utu, te whakahekenga o ngā taumata malondialdehyde (MDA), me te pikinga ake o te mahi glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). I whakaatuhia e tētahi rangahau hou i roto i ngā poaka iti kua piki ake te mahi GSH-Px i roto i te jejunum, engari kāore he pānga o te betaine kai ki te MDA.
Ehara i te mea ko te betaine anake te mea hei tiaki i te osmo i roto i ngā kararehe, engari ka taea e ngā huakita maha te kohikohi i te betaine mā te hanga hou, mā te kawe rānei mai i te taiao. E whakaatu ana he pānga pai pea te betaine ki ngā tipu huakita o te ara kai o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai. Kua piki ake te maha o ngā huakita ileum, inā koa ko ngā bifidobacteria me ngā lactobacilli. I tua atu, i kitea he iti iho ngā Enterobacteriaceae i roto i te tūtae.
Ko te pānga whakamutunga o te betaine ki te hauora o te puku i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai, ko te whakahekenga o te mate korere. Tērā pea ka whakawhirinaki tēnei pānga ki te horopeta: he pai ake te whai huatanga o te tāpiringa betaine ki te kai i te horopeta o te 2500 mg/kg ki te whakaiti i te mate korere i te betaine i te horopeta o te 1250 mg/kg. Heoi, he rite tonu te mahi a te poaka kua whakamutua te kai i ngā taumata tāpiringa e rua. Kua whakaatuhia e ētahi atu kairangahau he iti ake te reiti o te mate korere me te mate i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai i te wā i tāpirihia ai ki te 800 mg/kg betaine.
He mea whakamīharo, he pānga waikawa pea tō te betaine hydrochloride hei pūtake mō te betaine. I roto i te rongoā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā tāpiringa betaine hydrochloride me te pepsin hei āwhina i te hunga e pāngia ana e ngā raruraru puku me te nakunaku. I tēnei wā, he puna haumaru te betaine hydrochloride mō te waikawa hydrochloric. Ahakoa kāore he mōhiohio e wātea ana mō tēnei āhuatanga ina whakaurua te betaine hydrochloride ki te whāngai poaka, he mea nui pea. E mōhiotia ana i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai, ka teitei pea te pH o te puku (pH > 4), ā, ka whakararu i te whakahohenga o te whākōkī whakaiti-pūmua pepsin i roto i tana pepsinogen mua. He mea nui te nakunaku pūmua tino pai, ehara i te mea kia taea ai e ngā kararehe te whakamahi pai i tēnei matūkai. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te pūmua kāore i tino keri te arahi ki te horapa koretake o ngā pathogens whai wāhi me te kino ake o te raruraru o te mate korere i muri i te whakamutua te whāngai. He iti te uara pKa o te Betaine, tata ki te 1.8, ka wehea te betaine hydrochloride ina kainga, ka hua ake te waikawa o te puku. Kua kitea tēnei waikawa anō-wā i roto i ngā rangahau tuatahi ki te tangata me ngā rangahau kuri. I muri i te horopeta kotahi o te 750 mg, 1500 mg rānei o te betaine hydrochloride, i kitea he hekenga nui o te pH o te puku i roto i ngā kurī i rongoatia ki ngā rongoā whakaiti waikawa, mai i te pH 7 ki te pH 2. Heoi, mō ngā kurī whakahaere kāore i whiwhi i te rongoā, i tino heke te pH o te puku. Tata ki te 2, ahakoa te nui o te betaine HCl i kainga.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com