Whakarāpopototanga

Ko te ahunga whakamua nui rawa atu o te rangahau warowaihā i roto i te kai me te hauora o te poaka ko te whakarōpūtanga mārama ake o te warowaihā, ehara i te mea i runga i tōna hanganga matū anake, engari i runga anō hoki i ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana. Haunga te pūtake pūngao matua, he pai ngā momo me ngā hanganga rerekē o te warowaihā ki ngā mahi kai me te hauora o te poaka. Kei roto rātou i te whakatairanga i te mahi tipu me te mahi puku o te poaka, te whakahaere i te hapori moroiti puku, me te whakahaere i te pākia o ngā lipids me te glucose. Ko te tikanga taketake o te warowaihā mā roto i ōna metabolites (ngā waikawa ngako mekameka poto [SCFAs]) me te nuinga mā roto i ngā ara scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk me scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK hei whakahaere i te pākia o te ngako me te glucose. Kua arotakehia e ngā rangahau hou te huinga pai o ngā momo me ngā hanganga rerekē o te warowaihā, ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi tipu me te nakunaku matūkai, te whakatairanga i te mahi puku, me te whakanui ake i te nui o ngā huakita whakaputa butyrate i roto i ngā poaka. I te nuinga, e tautoko ana ngā taunakitanga kaha i te tirohanga he mahi nui tā ngā warowaihā ki ngā mahi kai me te hauora o te poaka. Hei tāpiritanga, ka whai hua ā-tikanga, ā-mahi hoki te whakatau i te hanganga warowaihā mō te whanaketanga o te hangarau taurite warowaihā i roto i ngā poaka.

1. Kupu Whakataki

Ko ngā warowaihā pūmua, te māngaro me ngā polysaccharides kore-māngaro (NSP) ngā wāhanga matua o ngā kai me ngā pūtake pūngao matua o ngā poaka, e 60% - 70% o te katoa o te pūngao e kainga ana (Bach Knudsen). He mea tika kia mōhio he tino uaua te momo me te hanganga o ngā warowaihā, ā, he rerekē ngā pānga ki ngā poaka. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua ko te whāngai i te māngaro me te ōwehenga amylose ki te amylose rerekē (AM / AP) he urupare ā-tinana ki te tipu o ngā poaka (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Ko te muka kai, ko te nuinga he NSP, e whakaponohia ana ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga matūkai me te uara pūngao kupenga o ngā kararehe monogastric (NOBLET me le, 2001). Heoi, kāore te kai muka kai i pā ki te tipu o ngā poaka iti (Han & Lee, 2005). Kei te piki haere tonu ngā taunakitanga e whakaatu ana ka whakapai ake te muka kai i te āhua o te puku me te mahi ārai o ngā poaka iti, ā, ka whakaiti i te maha o ngā mate korere (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg，2014； Wu et al., 2018). Nō reira, he mea nui kia rangahauhia me pēhea te whakamahi pai i ngā warowaihā matatini i roto i te kai, inā koa ko te kai e nui ana te muka. Me whakaahua me te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga hanganga me te whakarōpū o ngā warowaihā me ā rātou mahi kai me te hauora mō ngā poaka i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga kai. Ko te NSP me te māngaro ātete (RS) ngā warowaihā matua kāore e taea te keri (wey et al., 2011), ko ngā microbiota puku ia ka whakapūpū i ngā warowaihā kāore e taea te keri hei waikawa ngako mekameka poto (SCFA); Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Hei tāpiritanga, ko ētahi oligosaccharides me polysaccharides e kiia ana he probiotics mō ngā kararehe, ka taea te whakamahi hei whakaoho i te ōwehenga o Lactobacillus me Bifidobacterium i roto i te whekau (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al., 2008). Kua pūrongohia te tāpiringa oligosaccharide hei whakapai ake i te hanganga o ngā microbiota whekau (de Lange et al., 2010). Hei whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā kaiwhakatairanga tipu antimicrobial i roto i te whakaputanga poaka, he mea nui kia kitea ētahi atu huarahi hei whakatutuki i te hauora kararehe pai. He wāhi tēnei hei tāpiri atu i ngā momo warowaihā ki te whāngai poaka. He nui haere tonu ngā taunakitanga e whakaatu ana ko te huinga pai o te māngaro, te NSP me te MOS ka taea te whakatairanga i te mahi tipu me te nakunaku matūkai, te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā huakita whakaputa butyrate, me te whakapai ake i te pākia o te lipid o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai ki tētahi taumata (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei pepa he arotake i ngā rangahau o nāianei mō te tūranga matua o te warowaihā ki te whakatairanga i te tipu me te mahi a te puku, te whakahaere i te hapori moroiti puku me te hauora o te pākia o te tinana, me te tūhura i te huinga warowaihā o ngā poaka.

2. Te whakarōpūtanga o ngā warowaihā

Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā warowaihā kai i runga i te rahi o te ngota ngota, te taumata o te whakapūhuitanga (DP), te momo hononga (a, b rānei) me te hanganga o ngā monomer takitahi (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). He mea tika kia mōhiotia ko te whakarōpūtanga matua o ngā warowaihā e ahu mai ana i ō rātou DP, pērā i te monosaccharides, te disaccharides rānei (DP, 1-2), te oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) me te polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), e titoa ana i te māngaro, te NSP me ngā here glycosidic (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Ripanga 1). He mea tika te tātari matū hei mārama ki ngā pānga ā-tinana me te hauora o ngā warowaihā. Mā te tautuhi matū whānui ake o ngā warowaihā, ka taea te whakarōpū i a rātou i runga i ō rātou pānga hauora me te tinana, me te whakauru i a rātou ki te mahere whakarōpūtanga whānui (englyst et al., 2007). Ko ngā warowaihā (monosaccharides, disaccharides, me te nuinga o ngā māngaro) ka taea te nakunaku e ngā whākōkī manaaki, ā, ka mimitihia ki roto i te whekau iti, ka tautuhia ko ngā warowaihā ka taea te nakunaku, ka wātea rānei (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Ko ngā warowaihā e ātete ana ki te nakunaku o te whekau, e kore rānei e mimiti pai, e tukatukahia rānei, engari ka taea te whakapōrearea e te whakapūtanga moroiti, ka kiia he warowaihā ātete, pērā i te nuinga o te NSP, ngā oligosaccharides kore nakunaku me te RS. Ko te tikanga, ko ngā warowaihā ātete ka tautuhia ko ngā kore nakunaku, kāore rānei e taea te whakamahi, engari ka whakarato i tētahi whakaahuatanga tika ake mō te whakarōpūtanga o ngā warowaihā (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 te mahi tipu

E rua ngā momo polysaccharides o te māngaro. Ko te Amylose (AM) he momo māngaro raina α（1-4) dextran hono, ko te amylopectin (AP) he α（1-4) dextran hono, kei roto tata ki te 5% dextran α（1-6) hei hanga i tētahi ngota peka (tester et al., 2004). Nā te rerekētanga o ngā whirihoranga me ngā hanganga ngota, he ngāwari te nakunaku o ngā māngaro whai rawa AP, engari he uaua te nakunaku o ngā māngaro whai rawa AM (Singh et al., 2010). Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua he nui ngā urupare ā-tinana o te whāngai māngaro me ngā ōwehenga AM/AP rerekē ki te tipu o ngā poaka (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). I heke te kai me te whai huatanga o te whāngai o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai i te u i te pikinga o te AM (regmi et al., 2011). Heoi, kei te puta mai ngā taunakitanga hou e kī ana ko ngā kai me te nui ake o te am ka whakanui ake i te toharite o te pikinga o ia rā me te whai huatanga o te whāngai a ngā poaka e whakatipu ana (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Hei tāpiri, i kī ētahi kaipūtaiao kāore te whāngai i ngā ōwehenga AM/AP rerekē o te māngaro i pā ki te tipu o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), ko te kai AP teitei ia ka whakanui ake i te nakunaku o ngā matūkai o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai (Gao et al., 2020A). He wāhanga iti noa iho o te kai e ahu mai ana i ngā tipu te muka kai. Ko tētahi raruraru nui ko te nui ake o te muka kai e pā ana ki te iti o te whakamahinga matūkai me te iti o te uara pūngao kupenga (noble & Le, 2001). I tetahi atu taha, kāore te kai muka taurite i pā ki te tipu o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Ko ngā pānga o te muka kai ki te whakamahinga matūkai me te uara pūngao kupenga ka pāngia e ngā āhuatanga o te muka, ā, tera pea he rerekē rawa ngā pūtake muka rerekē (lndber, 2014). I roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai, he nui ake te tere hurihanga whāngai o te tāpiritanga ki te muka pī i te whāngai i te muka kānga, te muka pīni soya me te muka parai witi (Chen et al., 2014). Waihoki, ko ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai i rongoatia ki te parai kānga me te parai witi i whakaatu i te pai ake o te whāngai me te pikinga taumaha i ērā i rongoatia ki te kiri pīni soya (Zhao et al., 2018). He mea whakamīharo, kāore he rerekētanga i roto i te mahi tipu i waenga i te rōpū muka parai witi me te rōpū inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Hei tāpiri, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā poaka i roto i te rōpū cellulose me te rōpū xylan, he nui ake te whai hua o te tāpiritanga. Ka whakararu te β-Glucan i te mahi tipu o ngā poaka (Wu et al., 2018). Ko ngā oligosaccharides he warowaihā taumaha ngota iti, kei waenganui i te huka me te polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). He āhuatanga nui ā-tinana, ā-tinana hoki ō rātou, tae atu ki te iti o te kaha whakawera me te whakaoho i te tipu o ngā huakita whai hua, nō reira ka taea te whakamahi hei probiotics kai (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto and mancilha, 2007). Mā te tāpiritanga o te chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) ka taea te whakapai ake i te nakunaku o ngā matūkai, te whakaiti i te auau o te mate korere me te whakapai ake i te āhua o te puku, ā, ka whakapai ake i te tipu o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai (Zhou et al., 2012). Hei tāpiri, mā ngā kai kua tāpirihia ki te cos ka taea te whakapai ake i te whakaputa uri o ngā poaka kau (te maha o ngā poaka ora) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) me te tipu o ngā poaka e tipu ana (wontae et al., 2008). Ka taea hoki e te tāpiringa o te MOS me te fructooligosaccharide te whakapai ake i te tipu o ngā poaka (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). E whakaatu ana ēnei pūrongo he rerekē ngā pānga o ngā warowaihā ki te tipu o ngā poaka (ripanga 2a).

3.2 te mahi a te puku

Ka taea e te māngaro o te ōwehenga am/ap teitei te whakapai ake i te hauora o te puku (tribyrin(ka taea te tiaki mō te poaka) mā te whakatairanga i te āhua o te puku me te whakahaere i te mahi puku e pā ana ki te whakaaturanga ira i roto i ngā poaka e whakamutua ana te whāngai ū (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). He teitei ake te ōwehenga o te teitei o te villi ki te teitei o te villi me te hohonutanga o te recess o te ileum me te jejunum i te whāngaihia ki te kai nui i te ata, ā, he iti iho te tere apoptosis katoa o te puku iti. I taua wā anō, i whakanuia ake hoki te whakaaturanga o ngā ira aukati i roto i te duodenum me te jejunum, i te mea i roto i te rōpū AP teitei, i piki ake ngā mahi a te sucrose me te maltase i roto i te jejunum o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai ū (Gao et al., 2020b). Waihoki, i kitea e ngā mahi o mua ko ngā kai nui i te ata i whakaiti i te pH, ā, ko ngā kai nui i te AP i whakanui ake i te maha katoa o ngā huakita i roto i te caecum o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai ū (Gao et al., 2020A). Ko te muka kai te wāhanga matua e pā ana ki te whanaketanga me te mahi o te puku o ngā poaka. E whakaatu ana ngā taunakitanga kua kohia ka whakapai ake te muka kai i te āhua o te puku me te mahi ārai o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai, ā, ka whakaiti i te maha o ngā mate korere (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018). Ka whakanui ake te korenga o te muka kai i te ngoikore o ngā pathogens me te whakararu i te mahi ārai o te mucosa koroni (Desai et al., 2016), ko te whāngai i ngā kai muka kore-rewa ka taea te ārai i ngā pathogens mā te whakanui ake i te roa o ngā villi i roto i ngā poaka (hedemann et al., 2006). He rerekē ngā pānga o ngā momo muka ki te mahi a te ārai koroni me te ileum. Ka whakarei ake ngā muka parai witi me te pī i te mahi ārai puku mā te whakahaere i te whakaaturanga ira TLR2 me te whakapai ake i ngā hapori moroiti puku ki te whakataurite ki ngā muka kānga me te pīni soya (Chen et al., 2015). Mā te kai roa i te muka pī ka taea te whakahaere i te whakaaturanga ira, pūmua rānei e pā ana ki te metabolism, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ārai koroni me te mahi ārai mate (Che et al., 2014). Ka taea e te inulin i roto i te kai te karo i te raruraru o te puku i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai (Awad et al., 2013). He mea tika kia mōhiotia ko te whakakotahitanga o te muka wairewa (inulin) me te muka kore wairewa (cellulose) he pai ake i te takitahi, ka taea te whakapai ake i te mimiti kai me te mahi ārai puku i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai (Chen et al., 2019). Ko te pānga o te muka kai ki te mucosa puku e whakawhirinaki ana ki ō rātou wāhanga. I kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau o mua ko te xylan i whakatairanga i te mahi ārai puku, me ngā huringa o te whānuitanga huakita me ngā metabolites, ā, ko te glucan i whakatairanga i te mahi ārai puku me te hauora mucosal, engari ko te tāpiritanga o te cellulose kāore i whakaatu i ngā pānga rite i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai (Wu et al., 2018). Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā oligosaccharides hei puna waro mō ngā moroiti i roto i te puku o runga hei utu mō te keri me te whakamahi. Ka taea e te tāpiritanga fructose te whakanui ake i te matotoru o te mucosa puku, te hanga waikawa butyric, te maha o ngā pūtau recessive me te tipu o ngā pūtau epithelial puku i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai (Tsukahara et al., 2003). Ka taea e ngā pectin oligosaccharides te whakapai ake i te mahi ārai puku me te whakaiti i te kino o te puku i puta mai i te rotavirus i roto i ngā poaka iti (Mao et al., 2017). Hei tāpiri, kua kitea ka taea e te cos te whakatairanga nui i te tipu o te mucosa puku me te whakanui ake i te whakaaturanga o ngā ira aukati i roto i ngā poaka iti (WAN, Jiang, et al. i roto i te huarahi whānui, e tohu ana ēnei ka taea e ngā momo warowaihā rerekē te whakapai ake i te mahi puku o ngā poaka iti (ripanga 2b).

Whakarāpopototanga me te Tirohanga

Ko te warowaihā te pūtake pūngao matua o ngā poaka, he mea tito mai i ngā momo monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides me polysaccharides. Mā ngā kupu e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana ka āwhina ki te arotahi ki ngā mahi hauora pea o ngā warowaihā me te whakapai ake i te tika o te whakarōpūtanga warowaihā. He rerekē ngā pānga o ngā hanganga me ngā momo warowaihā ki te pupuri i te mahi tipu, te whakatairanga i te mahi puku me te taurite moroiti, me te whakahaere i te pākia o te ngako me te huka. Ko te tikanga pea o te whakahaere warowaihā i te pākia o te ngako me te huka e ahu mai ana i ō rātou metabolites (SCFAs), e whakapūpūngia ana e ngā moroiti puku. Ina koa, ko te warowaihā i roto i te kai ka taea te whakahaere i te pākia o te huka mā roto i ngā ara scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY me te ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, me te whakahaere i te pākia o te ngako mā roto i ngā ara scfas-gpr43 / 41 me te amp / atp-ampk. Hei tāpiri, ina he pai te huinga o ngā momo warowaihā, ka pai ake pea te mahi tipu me te mahi hauora o ngā poaka.

He mea tika kia mōhiotia ko ngā mahi pea o te warowaihā i roto i te pūmua me te whakaaturanga ira me te whakahaere i te pākia o te tinana ka kitea mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga mahi pūmua-rahi, te ira tangata me te metabonomics. Hei whakamutunga, engari ehara i te mea iti rawa, ko te aromatawai i ngā huinga warowaihā rerekē he mea nui mō te ako i ngā momo kai warowaihā i roto i te whakatipu poaka.

Puna: Te Hautaka Pūtaiao Kararehe