I te whānui haere o te tauine whakatipu me te pikinga o te matotoru o te whakatipu, kua piki haere te nui o te mate o Apostichopus japonicus, ā, kua nui ngā mate kua pā ki te umanga ahuwhenua ika. Ko ngā mate o Apostichopus japonicus e puta mai ana i ngā huakita, ngā huaketo me ngā ciliates, ā, ko te mate pirau kiri i puta mai i te Vibrio brilliant te mea tino kino. I te kaha haere o te mate, ka puta he puku i roto i te pakitara tinana o Apostichopus japonicus, ka puta he ira kikorangi me te mā, ā, ka memeha haere, ka memeha hei huware ihu pērā i te colloid. I roto i te ārai me te rongoā tuku iho, he whānui te whakamahinga o ngā paturopi. Engari ko te whakamahinga roa o ngā paturopi ehara i te mea he tūponotanga huna o te ātete huakita me ngā toenga rongoā, engari ka puta mai hoki he haumaru kai me te parahanga taiao. Nō reira, ko te whakawhanake i tētahi whakaritenga haumaru, kore poke, kore toenga hei whakaiti i te mate kūkama moana tētahi o ngā wāhi wera o ngā rangahau o nāianei.

He paura ma, he tioata, he maroke, he kore reka te pāhare pākawa waro. Koinei te tāpiringa kai kore-paturopi tuatahi kua whakaaetia e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi hei whakakapi i ngā pāhare pākawa waro. Ka taea e ia te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā kararehe whakatipu, te aukati i te tipu o ngā huakita kino, me te whakapai ake i te taiao puku. Ka taea e te pāhare pākawa waro te whakapai ake i te tipu me te hua o ngā rauropi wai.

1 Ngā hua whakamātautau

1.1 Ngā pānga o te pāhare pākawa diformate kai ki te tipu me te oranga o te kūkamo moana Apostichopus japonicus

I tino piki ake te tere tipu motuhake o Apostichopus japonicus me te pikinga ake o te ihirangi pāhare pākawa diformate i roto i te kai. I te taenga o te ihirangi pāhare pākawa diformate i roto i te kai ki te 0.8%, arā, i te wā i 1.0% me te 1.2% te ihirangi pāhare pākawa diformate i roto i te kai, he nui ake te tere tipu motuhake o Apostichopus japonicus i ērā atu maimoatanga, engari kāore he rerekētanga nui (P > 0.05) (ripanga 2-2). Ko te tere ora o te kūkama moana he 100% i roto i ngā rōpū katoa.

1.2 Ngā pānga o te pāhare pākawa diformate kai ki ngā taupū ārai mate o te kūkamo moana Apostichopus japonicus

Ki te whakatauritea ki te rōpū whakahaere, ka taea e ngā taumata rerekē o te pāhare pākawa dicarboxylate te whakapai ake i te kaha phagocytic o ngā coelomocytes me te whakaputanga o te O2 – i ngā taumata rerekē (ripanga 2-3). I te tāpiritanga o te pāhare pākawa diformate i te 1.0% me te 1.2%, he nui ake te mahi phagocytic o ngā coelomocytes me te whakaputanga o ngā momo hāora tauhohe O2 – i roto i te kūkama moana i ērā i roto i te rōpū whakahaere, engari kāore he rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā rōpū pāhare pākawa diformate 1% me te 1.2%, i waenga rānei i ētahi atu taumata o te pāhare pākawa diformate me te rōpū whakahaere. I te pikinga ake o te ihirangi pāhare pākawa dicarboxylate i roto i te kai, ka piki ake te SOD me te NOS o te kūkama moana.

1.3 Te pānga o te pāhare pākawa diformate kai ki te ātete o te kūkamo moana ki te mate Vibrio brilian

1.4 Ngā rā i muri i te whakamātautau, ko te mate o te kūkama moana i roto i te rōpū whakahaere he 46.67%, he nui ake i tērā i roto i ngā rōpū 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% me te 1.2% pāhare pākawa diformate (26.67%, 26.67%, 30%, 30% me te 23.33%), engari kāore he rerekētanga nui ki te rōpū maimoatanga 0.2% (38.33%). Kāore he rerekētanga nui o te mate o te kūkama moana i roto i ngā rōpū 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% me te 1.2% pāhare pākawa diformate.

2. Kōrero

2.1 Te pānga o te pāhare pākawa waro ki te tipu o te kūkama moana Apostichopus japonicus

I roto i ngā kararehe, ko te tikanga mahi a te pāhare pākawa waro (potassium dicarboxylate) ko te tomo ki te ara kai, te whakapai ake i te taiao kai, te whakahaere i te pH, me te patu i ngā huakita kino (Ramli and sunanto, 2005). Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki e te pāhare pākawa waro te whakatairanga i te mimiti o ngā matūkai i roto i te whāngai me te whakapai ake i te nakunaku me te tere whakamahinga o ngā kararehe whakatipu. I roto i te whakamahinga o ngā kararehe wai, kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau ka taea e te pāhare pākawa waro te whakapai ake i te tipu me te tere oranga o te kōura (he Suxu, Zhou Zhigang, et al., 2006). I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakatairangahia te tipu o te kūkamo moana (Apostichopus japonicus) mā te tāpiri i te pāhare pākawa waro ki te whāngai, he rite ki ngā hua o te whakamahinga o te pāhare pākawa waro ki roto i ngā poaka iti me ngā poaka whakaoti i pūrongohia e verland. M (2000).

2.2 Te pānga o te pāhare pākawa waro ki te ārai mate o te kūkamo moana Apostichopus japonicus

He rite tonu te tikanga tiaki a Apostichopus japonicus ki ērā atu echinoderms, e whakaotihia ana e te urupare ārai mate pūtau me te kore-pūtau (humoral). Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia hei tautuhi me te whakakore i ngā mea ke e uru ana ki te tinana kararehe, hei hanga rānei i ngā mea ke hei matū kino, me te whakatika i ngā patunga. Ko te urupare ārai mate pūtau o ngā echinoderms ka whakaotihia e te maha o ngā coelomocytes, e hanga ana i te pūnaha tiaki o ngā echinoderms. Ko ngā mahi matua o ēnei pūtau ko te phagocytosis, te tauhohenga cytotoxin, me te whakaputa i ngā matū patu huakita i te taumata coagulation (kudriavtsev, 2000). I roto i te tukanga phagocytosis, ka taea te whakaoho i ngā coelomocytes e ngā huakita, e ngā wāhanga pakitara pūtau huakita rānei hei whakaputa i ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS), tae atu ki te no, H2O2, oh me te O2 -. I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, ko te tāpiri i te 1.0% me te 1.2% potassium dicarboxylate ki te kai i tino whakanui ake i te mahi phagocytic o ngā coelomocytes me te whakaputa i ngā momo hāora tauhohe. Heoi anō, me rangahau anō te tikanga e whakanui ake ai te pāhare pāporo i te mahi whakapūkara me te whakaputanga O2–.

2.3 Te pānga o te pāhare pākawa waro ki ngā tipu puku o te kūkamo moana Apostichopus japonicus

Ka taea te wawahi i te pāhare pākawa waro ki te waikawa formic, ka whakapūmau i roto i te taiao kawakore ngoikore, ka uru ki roto i ngā pūtau moroiti mā te kiriuhi pūtau. Ka taea e ia te whakarerekē i te taiao ora o ngā moroiti kino pēnei i a Escherichia coli me Salmonella mā te whakarerekē i te uara pH i roto i ngā pūtau me te aukati i tō rātou whakaputa uri, kia pai ai te whakahaere i te taurite moroiti o te puku (eidelsburger, 1998). Ko te pānga o te pāhare pākawa waro ki ngā microflora puku, i roto i te tirohanga whānui, ka whakaitihia te uara pH i roto i te puku, ka aukati i te tipu o ngā microflora puku. I roto i te tirohanga whānui, ka uru te H+ ki roto i ngā pūtau huakita mā te kiriuhi pūtau, ka whakangaro tika i te mahi a ngā whākōkī ā-roto, ka pā ki te pākia o te pūmua moroiti me te waikawa karihi, ā, ka whai wāhi ki te whakahoromata (Roth, 1998). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he iti noa te pānga o te pāhare pākawa waro ki ngā huakita puku katoa o te kūkamo moana, engari ka taea e ia te aukati nui i te maha o ngā Vibrio.

2.4 Te pānga o te pāhare pākawa waro ki te ātete ki ngā mate o te kūkamo moana Apostichopus japonicus

Ko te Vibrio splendens te huakita mate e pā ana ki te pirau kiri o te kūkamo moana, he mea kino ki te whakaputa me te whakatipu kūkamo moana. I whakaatuhia e tēnei whakamātautau ko te tāpiri i te potassium dicarboxylate ki te kai ka whakaiti i te mate o te kūkamo moana i pangia e te Vibrio brilliant. Tērā pea he pānga tēnei ki te pānga aukati o te potassium diformate ki te Vibrio.

3 Whakamutunga

I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he pānga nui te pāhare pākawa waro i roto i te kai ki te tipu o Apostichopus japonicus, he pānga pai ki te ārai mate kore-motuhake o Apostichopus japonicus, ā, i whakarei ake i te ārai mate humoral me te pūtau o Apostichopus japonicus. Nā te tāpiri o te pāhare pākawa waro ki te kai i whakaiti nui i te maha o ngā huakita kino i roto i ngā whekau o te kūkama moana, ā, i whakarei ake i te ātete ki ngā mate o te kūkama moana i pangia e te Vibrio brilliant. Hei whakamutunga, ka taea te whakamahi i te pāhare pākawa waro hei whakarei ake i te ārai mate i roto i te kai kūkama moana, ā, ko te horopeta tika o te pāhare pākawa waro he 1.0%.