He matū tūturu te Betaine e horapa whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tipu me ngā kararehe. Hei tāpiringa kai, ka tukuna i roto i te āhua waikore, i te āhua hauwaiora rānei. Ka taea te tāpiri ki te kai kararehe mō ngā kaupapa maha.
Tuatahi, ko ēnei kaupapa pea e pā ana ki te kaha tino whai hua o te betaine ki te tuku methyl, e puta ana i roto i te ate. Nā te whakawhiti o ngā rōpū methyl kāore i te pumau, ka whakatairangahia te hanganga o ngā momo matū pēnei i te methionine, te carnitine me te creatine. Mā tēnei, ka pā te betaine ki te pūmua, te ngako me te pākia o te pūngao, ā, ka whai hua te whakarerekētanga o te hanganga o te tinana.
Tuarua, ko te kaupapa o te tāpiri i te betaine ki te whāngai kai e pā ana ki tana mahi hei ārai i te uruhanga rauropi. I roto i tēnei mahi, ka āwhina te betaine i ngā pūtau puta noa i te tinana ki te pupuri i te taurite wai me te mahi a ngā pūtau, inā koa i ngā wā ahotea. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te pānga pai o te betaine ki ngā kararehe i raro i te ahotea wera.
Kua whakaahuahia ngā hua pai o te tāpiringa betaine ki ngā poaka. Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki te tūranga o te betaine hei tāpiringa whāngai mō te hauora o te puku o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai.
He maha ngā rangahau betaine kua pūrongo i te pānga ki te nakunaku o ngā matūkai i roto i te ileum, i te ara nakunaku katoa rānei o ngā poaka. Ko ngā kitenga maha o te pikinga o te nakunaku o te muka ileum (muka mata, muka hopi koretake me te waikawa rānei) e whakaatu ana ka whakaoho te betaine i te whakapūkara o ngā huakita kei roto i te whekau iti, nā te mea kāore ngā pūtau whekau e whakaputa i ngā whākōkī whakaiti muka. Kei roto i te wāhanga muka o te tipu ngā matūkai, ka taea te tuku i te wā e pakaru ana tēnei muka moroiti.
Nō reira, i kitea anō te pai ake o te nakunaku o te mea maroke me te pungarehu mata. I te taumata o te ara nakunaku katoa, kua pūrongohia ko ngā poaka i tāpirihia ki te 800 mg betaine/kg kai kua pai ake te nakunaku o te pūmua mata (+6.4%) me te nakunaku o te mea maroke (+4.2%). Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e tētahi atu rangahau mā te tāpiri i te 1,250 mg/kg betaine, kua pai ake te nakunaku o te pūmua mata (+3.7%) me te tangohanga ether (+6.7%).
Ko tētahi take pea mō te pikinga o te nakunaku matūkai ko te pānga o te betaine ki te hanga whākōkī. I roto i tētahi rangahau in vivo tata nei mō te tāpiri o te betaine ki ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai, i arotakehia te mahi a ngā whākōkī nakunaku (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin me te chymotrypsin) i roto i te chyme (Pikitia 1). Ko ngā whākōkī katoa engari ko te maltase i whakaatu i te pikinga o te mahi, ā, ko te pānga o te betaine he nui ake te kitea i te 2,500 mg betaine/kg whāngai i te 1,250 mg/kg. Ko te pikinga o te mahi he hua pea nō te pikinga o te hanga whākōkī, he hua rānei nō te pikinga o te whai huatanga whakaterenga o te whākōkī.
Pikitia 1-Te ngohe o te whākōkī nakunaku o ngā poaka iti i tāpirihia ki te 0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg, 2,500 mg/kg rānei o te betaine.
I roto i ngā whakamātautau in vitro, i whakamātauhia mā te tāpiri i te NaCl hei whakaputa i te pēhanga osmotic teitei, i aukatia ngā mahi trypsin me te amylase. Mā te tāpiri i ngā taumata rerekē o te betaine ki tēnei whakamātautau i whakahoki mai i te pānga aukati o te NaCl me te whakanui ake i te mahi whākōkī. Heoi, ina kore te NaCl e tāpirihia ki te otinga buffer, kāore te betaine e pā ki te mahi whākōkī i te kukū iti iho, engari e whakaatu ana i te pānga aukati i te kukū teitei ake.
Ehara i te mea ko te pikinga ake o te nakunaku anake te whakamārama i te pikinga o te mahi tipu me te tere huringa whāngai o ngā poaka kua tāpirihia ki te betaine kai. Mā te tāpiri i te betaine ki ngā kai poaka ka whakaitihia hoki ngā hiahia pūngao tiaki a te kararehe. Ko te whakapae mō tēnei pānga i kitea ko te wā ka taea te whakamahi i te betaine hei pupuri i te pēhanga osmotic intracellular, ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā papu katote, he tukanga e hiahia ana ki te pūngao. Mēnā he iti te kai pūngao, e tika ana kia nui ake te pānga o te tāpiringa betaine mā te whakanui ake i te tuku pūngao mō te tipu kaua ki te tiaki.
Me aro atu ngā pūtau epithelial e kapi ana i te pakitara o te puku ki ngā āhuatanga osmotic tino rerekē i puta mai i ngā ihirangi luminal i te wā o te nakunaku matūkai. I taua wā anō, me whakahaere e ēnei pūtau puku te whakawhiti wai me ngā matūkai rerekē i waenga i te lumen puku me te plasma. Hei tiaki i ngā pūtau mai i ēnei āhuatanga uaua, he mea nui te betaine hei whakauru rauropi. Ina tirohia te kukū o te betaine i roto i ngā kiko rerekē, he tino teitei te ihirangi o te betaine i roto i ngā kiko puku. Hei tāpiri, kua kitea ko ēnei taumata ka pāngia e te kukū betaine kai. Ka pai ake te tipu me te kaha whakaora o ngā pūtau taurite. Nō reira, i kitea e ngā kairangahau ko te whakanui ake i te taumata betaine o ngā poaka ka whakanui ake i te teitei o ngā villi duodenal me te hohonu o ngā crypts ileal, ā, he ōrite ake ngā villi.
I tētahi atu rangahau, i kitea te pikinga o te teitei o ngā villi i roto i te duodenum, te jejunum, me te ileum, engari kāore he pānga ki te hohonutanga o ngā crypts. E ai ki te kitenga i roto i ngā heihei broiler i pangia e te coccidia, ko te pānga tiaki o te betaine ki te hanganga puku ka nui ake te hiranga i raro i ētahi wero (osmotic).
Ko te ārai puku he mea hanga nui mai i ngā pūtau epithelial, e honoa ana tetahi ki tetahi e ngā pūmua hononga piri. He mea nui te pumau o tēnei ārai hei ārai i te urunga mai o ngā matū kino me ngā huakita pathogenic, e kore nei e puta ai te mumura. Mō ngā poaka, ko te pānga kino o te ārai puku e kiia ana ko te hua o te poke o te mycotoxin i roto i te kai, ko tētahi rānei o ngā pānga kino o te ahotea wera.
Hei ine i te pānga ki te pānga ārai, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā whakamātautau in vitro o ngā raina pūtau hei ine i te ātete hiko transepithelial (TEER). Mā te whakamahi i te betaine, ka kitea te whakapainga o te TEER i roto i ngā whakamātautau in vitro maha. Ina whakaatuhia te pākahiko ki te pāmahana teitei (42°C), ka heke te TEER (Pikitia 2). Ko te tāpiri o te betaine ki te reo tipu o ēnei pūtau e whakaatuhia ana e te wera i ārai i te hekenga o te TEER, e tohu ana i te pikinga o te ātete wera.
Ahua 2-Ngā pānga in vitro o te pāmahana teitei me te betaine ki te ātete transepithelial pūtau (TEER).
Hei tāpiritanga, i roto i tētahi rangahau in vivo i roto i ngā poaka iti, i inehia te pikinga o te whakaaturanga o ngā pūmua hononga piri (occludin, claudin1, me te zonula occludens-1) i roto i te kiko jejunum o ngā kararehe i whiwhi 1,250 mg/kg betaine ki te whakataurite ki te rōpū whakahaere. Hei tāpiritanga, hei tohu mō te kino o te mucosal puku, i tino heke te mahi diamine oxidase i roto i te plasma o ēnei poaka, e tohu ana i te kaha ake o te ārai puku. I te tāpiritanga o te betaine ki te kai a ngā poaka e tipu ana, i inehia te pikinga o te kaha kume puku i te wā o te patunga.
Nō nā tata nei, he maha ngā rangahau kua hono i te betaine ki te pūnaha antioxidant, ā, i whakaahuahia te whakahekenga o ngā radical kore utu, te whakahekenga o ngā taumata o te malondialdehyde (MDA), me te whakapainga o te mahi glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
Ehara i te mea ko te Betaine anake te mea hei tiaki i te osmo i roto i ngā kararehe. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā huakita ka taea te kohikohi i te betaine mā te hanga hou, mā te kawe rānei mai i te taiao. He tohu kei reira ka taea e te betaine te whai pānga pai ki te maha o ngā huakita i roto i te ara kai o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai. Kua piki ake te tapeke o ngā huakita ileum, inā koa ko ngā bifidobacteria me ngā lactobacilli. Hei tāpiri, he iti ake te nui o te Enterobacter i kitea i roto i ngā paru.
Hei whakamutunga, kua kitea ko te pānga o te betaine ki te hauora o te puku o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai, ko te whakaheke i te tere o te mate korere. Tērā pea ka whakawhirinaki tēnei pānga ki te horopeta: he nui ake te whai huatanga o te tāpiringa kai 2,500 mg/kg betaine i te 1,250 mg/kg betaine ki te whakaiti i te tere o te mate korere. Heoi, he rite tonu te mahi a ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai i ngā taumata tāpiringa e rua. Kua whakaatuhia e ētahi atu kairangahau ina tāpirihia te 800 mg/kg o te betaine, ka iti ake te tere me te auau o te mate korere i roto i ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai.
He iti te uara pKa o te Betaine, arā, 1.8 pea, ka wehea te betaine HCl i muri i te horomia, ka waikawa ai te puku.
Ko te kai whakamere ko te kaha o te waikawa o te betaine hydrochloride hei pūtake o te betaine. I roto i te rongoā tangata, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā tāpiringa betaine HCl me te pepsin hei tautoko i te hunga he raruraru puku me ngā raruraru nakunaku. I tēnei take, ka taea te whakamahi i te betaine hydrochloride hei pūtake haumaru o te waikawa hydrochloric. Ahakoa kāore he mōhiohio mō tēnei āhuatanga ina kei roto te betaine hydrochloride i roto i te whāngai poaka, he mea tino nui pea.
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te pH o te wai puku o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te whāngai ū he teitei pea (pH>4), ka pā ki te whakahohenga o te pepsin precursor ki tōna precursor pepsinogen. Ehara i te mea he mea nui anake te nakunaku pūmua kia whiwhi pai ai ngā kararehe i tēnei matūkai. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te pūmua koretake te whakaputa kino i te tipu o ngā pathogens whai wāhi me te whakanui ake i te raruraru o te mate korere i muri i te whakamutua te whāngai ū. He iti te uara pKa o te Betaine, tata ki te 1.8, ka arahi ki te wehenga o te betaine HCl i muri i te horomia, ka arahi ki te waikawa o te puku.
Kua kitea tēnei whakapūngatanga anō mō ​​te wā poto i roto i tētahi rangahau tuatahi i roto i te tangata me ngā rangahau i roto i ngā kurī. Whai muri i te horopeta kotahi o te 750 mg, 1,500 mg rānei o te betaine hydrochloride, ka tino heke te pH o te puku o ngā kurī i rongoatia i mua ki ngā kaihoko whakaiti waikawa puku mai i te 7 ki te pH 2. Heoi, i roto i ngā kurī whakahaere kāore i rongoatia, ko te pH o te puku he tata ki te 2, kāore i pā ki te tāpiringa betaine HCl.
He pānga pai tō te Betaine ki te hauora o te puku o ngā poaka kua whakamutua te kai. E whakaatu ana tēnei arotake tuhinga i ngā whai wāhitanga rerekē mō te betaine ki te tautoko i te nakunaku me te mimiti o ngā matūkai, te whakapai ake i ngā ārai tiaki tinana, te awe i ngā microbiota, me te whakarei ake i ngā kaha tiaki o ngā poaka.