Ko ngā waikawa waro e pā ana ki ētahi matū waro he waikawa. Ko te waikawa waro tino noa ko te waikawa carboxylic, ko tōna waikawa i ahu mai i te rōpū carboxyl. Ko te methyl calcium, te waikawa acetic, me ētahi atu he waikawa waro, ka taea te tauhohe ki ngā waipiro hei hanga i ngā esters.

★Te tūranga o ngā waikawa rauropi i roto i ngā hua wai

1. Whakaitihia te paitini o ngā konganuku taumaha, hurihia te haukini i roto i te wai ahuwhenua ika, me te whakaiti i te paitini o te haukini paitini.

2. Ko te mahi a te waikawa waro he tango i te parahanga hinu. He kiri hinu kei roto i te roto, nō reira ka taea te whakamahi i te waikawa waro.

3. Ka taea e ngā waikawa waro te whakahaere i te pH o te wai me te whakataurite i te mahi a te wai.

4. Ka taea e ia te whakaiti i te matotoru o te wai, te wawahi i ngā mea rauropi mā te whakapūpū me te whakakotahitanga, me te whakapai ake i te kukū o te mata o te wai.

5. He nui ngā matū horoi i roto i ngā waikawa waro, ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā konganuku taumaha, te tere whakakore paitini, te whakaiti i te taumahatanga o te mata o te wai, te tere whakarewa i te hāora i te rangi ki roto i te wai, te whakapai ake i te kaha o te hāora e piki haere ana i roto i te wai, me te whakahaere i te pane e mānu ana.

★Ngā hapa i te whakamahi i ngā waikawa waro

1. Ina nui ake te hauota i roto i te puna i te paerewa, ka whakaitihia te pH e te whakamahinga o ngā waikawa waro, ā, ka nui ake te paitini o te hauota.

2. Kāore e taea te whakamahi me te konutai thiosulfate. Ka tauhohe te konutai thiosulfate ki te waikawa ka puta he hauhā whanariki me te whanariki taketake, ka paitini i ngā momo whakatipu.

3. Kāore e taea te whakamahi me te konutai humate. He ngoikore te kawakore o te konutai humate, ā, ka tino heke te pānga mēnā ka whakamahia ngā mea e rua.

★ Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā waikawa waro

1. Te Inenga: ina tāpirihia te waikawa waro kotahi ki te kai a ngā kararehe wai, engari he rerekē te kukū papatipu, he rerekē anō hoki te pānga. He rerekē te tere piki taumaha, te tere tipu, te tere whakamahinga kai me te whai huatanga o te pūmua; I roto i tētahi whānuitanga o te tāpiri waikawa waro, me te pikinga o te tāpiri waikawa waro, ka whakatairangahia te tipu o ngā momo whakatipu, engari ki te neke atu i tētahi whānuitanga, ka aukati te tāpiri waikawa waro nui rawa, iti rawa rānei i te tipu o ngā momo whakatipu, ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te kai, ā, ka rerekē te tāpiri waikawa waro tino pai mō ngā momo kararehe wai rerekē.

2. Wā tāpiri: he rerekē te pānga o te tāpiri i ngā waikawa rauropi i ngā wāhanga tipu rerekē o ngā kararehe wai. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te pānga whakatairanga tipu te mea pai rawa atu i te wāhanga taitamariki, ā, ko te tere piki taumaha te mea teitei rawa atu, tae atu ki te 24.8%. I te wāhanga pakeke, i kitea te pānga i roto i ētahi atu āhuatanga, pērā i te ahotea ārai mate.

3. Ētahi atu kai o te whāngai: he pānga tahi ngā waikawa waro me ētahi atu kai o te whāngai. He kaha ake te pūmua me te ngako kei roto i te whāngai ki te pupuri i te kai, ka taea ai te whakapai ake i te waikawa o te whāngai, te whakaiti i te kaha pupuri o te whāngai, te whakahaere i te mimiti me te pākia o te tinana, ā, ka pā ki te kai e kainga ana me te nakunaku.

4. Ngā āhuatanga o waho: he mea nui anō hoki te pāmahana wai e tika ana, te kanorau me te hanganga taupori o ētahi atu momo phytoplankton i roto i te taiao wai, te kai kounga pai, ngā parai kua whanake pai, ā, kāore he mate, me te kiato o ngā kararehe e tika ana, kia pai ai te pānga o ngā waikawa waro.

5. He nui ake ngā waikawa waro matū hohe: mā te tāpiri atu i ngā waikawa hohe ka taea te whakaiti i te nui o ngā waikawa waro kua tāpirihia, ā, ka pai ake te whakatutuki i te whāinga.