Ngā momo whakawhaiwhai waikawa:

Ko ngā waikawa matū ko ngā waikawa takitahi me ngā waikawa matū pūhui. Ka whakarōpūtia anō ngā waikawa matū takitahi ki ngā waikawa waro me ngā waikawa kore-waro. I tēnei wā, ko ngā waikawa kore-waro e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te waikawa hauwaiora, te waikawa whanariki, me te waikawa phosphoric, ko te waikawa phosphoric te mea tino kitea. Ko ngā waikawa kore-waro e tohuhia ana e te iti o te utu, te kaha o te waikawa, me te ngāwari o te wehewehe i te wā e whakamahia ana. Ko ngā waikawa matū ko te waikawa formic, te waikawa propionic, te waikawa sorbic, te waikawa fumaric (waikawa maleic), te waikawa citric, te waikawa lactic, te waikawa malic, te waikawa acetic, me ētahi atu. Ka hangaia ngā waikawa matū mā te whakakotahi i ngā waikawa takitahi e rua, neke atu rānei, i roto i ngā ōwehenga motuhake. Ka taea te hanga i ēnei mā te whakaranu i ētahi waikawa, mā te whakakotahi rānei i ngā waikawa me ngā tote.

Ngā waikawa rauropi iti me ō rātou whai huatanga:
He kaha te waikawa o ngā waikawa kore-waro, ā, he iti te utu tāpiri, engari ka taea e rātou te kino i te mahi o te kiriuhi puku, ā, ka wera te kiriuhi i te wā e whakamahia ana, ka aukati i te tukunga waikawa puku me te whanaketanga noa o te mahi puku o te pēpi poaka, me te kore hoki e pā ki te ara puku tawhiti. He rerekē, ko ngā waikawa waro ngota-nui pērā i te waikawa citric, te waikawa lactic, me te waikawa fumaric he iti ake te whai huatanga ki te whakaheke i te pH me te whāngai i te kaha here waikawa ki te whakataurite ki ngā waikawa waro ngota-iti. Nō reira, he pai ake te mahi a ngā waikawa waro ngota-iti i ngā waikawa kore-waro me ngā waikawa waro ngota-nui. Hei tauira, ko te waikawa formic te taumaha ngota iti rawa i roto i ngā waikawa waro (ko te waikawa formic te waikawa tino kaha mō ia taumaha o te waikawa waro), engari e whakaatu ana i te whai huatanga patu huakita me te bacteriostatic pai rawa atu. He rerekē ngā pānga mahi a ngā kaiwhakakawa, engari kāore i te rite katoa ngā waikawa ki ia waikawa i te wā kotahi.

Heoi anō, ko te rerekētanga o te whai huatanga o ia waikawa rauropi e whakawhirinaki ana ki ō rātou nekehanga wehewehenga motuhake. He pumau wehewehenga pumau tō ia waikawa e whakaatuhia ana hei uara pK (kaha whakapūmau), e tohu ana i te pH e wehewehea ai te waikawa mā te 50%, ā, e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te whai huatanga o te waikawa i raro i ngā āhuatanga pH kua hoatu. Mā te kaha whakapūmau teitei ake ka āwhina i te aukati i ngā piki me ngā heke nui o te waikawa o te puku. Hei tauira, ki te kore te waikawa e wehewehe wawe, e wehewehe iti rānei i tētahi pH, e whakatairanga ana rānei i te whakahekenga pH, ka taea tonu te whakaatu i ngā pānga patu huakita. Ko te whakahekenga o te pH o te whāngai ehara i te mea ka hua ake te whakaiti i te kaha whakapūmau engari ka whakarei ake hoki i te nakunaku kararehe, nā te mea kāore te puku e hiahia ki te whakaputa i te waikawa hauwaiora ake hei whakahohe i ngā proteases, kia pai ai te nakunaku pūmua. E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, ko te tikanga nakunaku pumau e tohu ana i te taurite o te microbiota puku. Ko te whakahekenga o te pH ka hanga hoki i ngā arai mō te tipu o ngā huakita kino, ka tutuki ai ngā pānga patu huakita. Nō reira, ko te whai huatanga o ngā waikawa rauropi e whakawhirinaki ana ki tō rātou kaha ārai i te āhua kore wehewehe, e whakatau ana i te tūponotanga o te uru ki roto i ngā pakitara pūtau o ngā huakita Gram-kino (pērā i te E. coli me te Salmonella) me te whakamahi i ō rātou pānga ki roto i ngā pūtau.

Ko te waikawa formic, te waikawa waro iti rawa te taumaha ngota, he tino kaha te pānga ki ngā huakita Gram kino. Heoi, nā tōna kaha ki te waikura (he ngāwari ki te waikura i ngā whāngai me ngā waka whāngai, ngā taputapu wai inu, me ētahi atu) me te haunga kaha, ka taea e te tāpiri nui te whakaiti i te reka o te whāngai, te ngaronga rānei o ngā huaora, ka tino whakawhāiti i tōna whakamahinga tika ki te mahi ahuwhenua kararehe. Kua hangaia ngā waikawa whakakotahi hei whakakore i ngā ngoikoretanga, i ngā ngoikoretanga rānei o ngā waikawa takitahi mā te whakakotahi i ngā waikawa takitahi rerekē me ō rātou tote, ā, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga o ngā waikawa. Ka whakakapia hoki e ngā waikawa whakakotahi ngā waikawa takitahi, ā, ka noho hei ia whanaketanga o ngā waikawa.

Te pāhare pākawa waro, hei tote matatini me te tauira ngota ngota māmā (he waikawa formic me te pāhare pākawa me te hanganga motuhake), ehara i te mea ka riro noa i a ia ngā pānga patu huakita me te ārai harore o te waikawa formic, engari he pānga tuku puhoi kore-waikura hoki (ki te tere rawa te tukunga o te kotahi waikawa whakakawa, ka mimiti katoa ki roto i te puku, ā, kāore e taea te mahi i roto i te whekau iti). He maha ngā pānga, tae atu ki te whakatairanga i te tipu o te poaka, te whakapai ake i te taiao nakunaku o te ara kai o ngā poaka, te whakahaere i te reka o te kai, te whakanui ake i te kai kararehe, te aukati i ngā kai kino pēnei i te harore i roto i te kai, te pupuri i te hou me te kounga o te kai, me te whakaroa i te roa o te oranga o te kai. He pai ake te pānga whakakawa i ngā waikawa whakakawa whakahiato e whakamahia whānuitia ana.

Ko te tere whakapai ake o te pikinga taumaha o ia rā ko te 5.48%, ko te kai poaka i kainga i ia rā i piki ake mā te 1.21% pea, ā, ko te taunga whakapai ake o te tere hurihanga whāngai i tata ki te 3.69%. He pai ake te pānga o te tāpiri i te pāhare pākawa waro ki te whāngai, ā, kua tino pai ake anō ngā tawhā o runga ake nei. Ki te whakatauritea ki te rōpū mana kino, ko te tāpiri i te pāhare pākawa waro ki te kai i whakapiki ake i te mahi whakaputa toharite o ngā poaka mā te 8.7%, ā, ko te kai whāngai o ia rā i piki ake mā te 3.5%. Nō reira, i pai ake hoki te whai huatanga o te hurihanga whāngai mā te neke atu i te 4.24%. Ko te mahi whakaputa o ngā poaka iti i tāpirihia ki te 1%.pāhare pākawa diformatehe rite ki tērā o ngā poaka iti i tāpirihia ki te 4% pūmua plasma, ā, he pai ake i ngā poaka iti i tāpirihia ki te 2% waikawa citric.

I taua wā anō, hei whakautu i te pēhanga utu i puta mai i te pikinga tonu o ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata mō te whāngai kararehe, he maha ngā umanga whāngai kararehe me ngā umanga whakatipu kararehe kua tīmata ki te whakaputa i ngā kai iti te pūmua me te iti o te paraoa pīni soya. Nā te nui o te pāhare pākawa i roto i te paraoa pīni soya, e eke ana ki te 1.72%, i te mea he iti ake te pāhare pākawa o ētahi atu rauemi mata, me mārama tātou ki te hiranga o te "tāpiritanga pāhare pākawa" ki ngā kai iti te pūmua me te iti o te paraoa pīni soya.

Te pāhare pākawa warokai iti te pūmua

Nā te mea me whakapai ake te whakamahinga o te pūmua me te whakarerekē i te taurite o ngā electrolytes i roto i ngā kai iti te pūmua me te iti o te paraoa pīni soya, he pai ake te whakamahi i te 2kg o te pāhare pāporo formate.
1) Ka taea e te pāhare pākawa waro te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga pūmua me te pupuri i te mahi whakaputa noa; 2) Kāore te pāhare pākawa waro e whakanui ake i te ihirangi o ngā katote konutai me ngā katote pūhaumāota i te wā e tāpiri ana ki te pāhare pākawa waro, engari ka whakanui ake i te uara dEB me te pupuri i te taurite electrolyte.

Whakakapia te ātete hei whakatairanga i te tipu

Te pāhare pākawa waro, hei kaihoko whakatairanga tipu kua whakaaetia e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, he nui ngā painga ki te whakapai ake i te āhua o te puku me te whakatairanga i te mahi tipu kararehe. Ahakoa te aukati i ngā huakita kino, ka taea e ia te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā huakita whai hua me te kore e whakawhanake i te ātete rongoā, ka tutuki ai te whāinga matua o te ātete rerekē.
Pānga ārai mate:

Te pāhare pākawa waroKa whakahaere i te taiao rauropi o te puku mā te whakaiti i te pH o te ara kai, ā, ko tana mahi ahurei hei patu huakita e hangai ana ki te mahi tahi a te waikawa formic me ngā tote formate. Ā, ka tukuna mārire i roto i te ara kai, me te kaha tiaki nui. Ka taea e te 85% o te pāhare pākawa formate te haere mā roto i te puku i tōna āhua tonu, ka tutuki ai ngā pānga whakamate me te patu huakita me te tiaki hoki i ngā whekau.
Te whakatairanga i te tipu:

Ka taea e te pāhare pākawa te whakaiti i te ahotea o ngā kararehe e whakamomona ana, me te whakaiti i te whakahekenga taumaha. Ka taea e te pāhare pākawa te whakaoho i te hanganga pūmua kararehe. He waikawa amino nui te Lysine i roto i te kai, ā, mā te whakanui ake i te taumata ion pāhare pākawa i roto i te kai ka taea te whakapai ake i te tere whakamahinga o te lysine.
Ārai pokepokea ai:

Te pāhare pākawa waroHe pai hoki hei aukati i te tupu o te harore kai, hei pupuri i te hou o te kai, hei whakaroa hoki i te roa o te oranga o te kai.