Ko ngā waikawa waro e pā ana ki ētahi matū waro he waikawa. Ko te waikawa waro tino noa ko te waikawa carboxylic, he waikawa nō te rōpū carboxyl. Ko te konupūmā methoxide, te waikawa acetic, he waikawa waro katoa. Ka taea e ngā waikawa waro te tauhohe ki ngā waipiro hei hanga i ngā esters.

Te tūranga o ngā waikawa rauropi i roto i ngā hua wai:

1. Whakaitihia te paitini o ngā konganuku taumaha, hurihia te haukini i roto i te wai ahuwhenua ika, me te whakaiti i te paitini o te haukini paitini.

2. Ka taea e te waikawa waro te tango i te parahanga hinu. He kiri hinu kei roto i te puna whakatipu, nō reira ka taea te whakamahi i te waikawa waro.

3. Ka taea e ngā waikawa waro te whakahaere i te pH o te wai me te whakataurite i te wai.

4. Ka taea e ia te whakaiti i te matotoru o te tinana wai, te wawahi i ngā mea rauropi mā te whakapūpū me te whakakotahitanga, me te whakapai ake i te kukū o te mata o te tinana wai.

5. He nui ngā matū horoi i roto i ngā waikawa waro, ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā konganuku taumaha, te tere whakakore i ngā paitini, te whakaiti i te taumahatanga o te mata o te wai, te tere whakarewa i te hāora i te rangi i roto i te wai, te whakapai ake i te kaha o te hāora i roto i te wai, me te whakahaere i te pane e mānu ana.

Te hē o te mārama ki te whakamahi i ngā waikawa rauropi:

1. Ina nui ake te hauota i roto i te puna i te paerewa, ka whakaitihia te pH e te waikawa waro, ā, ka nui ake te paitini o te hauota.

2. Kāore e taea te whakamahi me te konutai thiosulfate. Ka tauhohe te konutai thiosulfate ki te waikawa ka puta he hauhā whanariki me te whanariki taketake, ka paitini i ngā momo whakatipu.

3. Kāore e taea te whakamahi me te konutai humate. He ngoikore te kawakore o te konutai humate. Ka tino heke te pānga mēnā ka whakamahia.

Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā waikawa waro:

1. Te nui o te tāpiri: ina tāpirihia te waikawa waro kotahi ki te kai a ngā kararehe wai, engari he rerekē te kukū papatipu, he rerekē anō hoki te pānga. He rerekē te tere piki taumaha, te tere tipu, te tere whakamahinga kai me te whai huatanga o te pūmua; kei roto i tētahi awhe te nui o te waikawa waro tāpiri. Mā te pikinga o te nui tāpiri, ka whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā momo whakatipu, engari ki te neke atu i tētahi awhe, ki te nui rawa, ki te iti rawa rānei, ka aukati i te tipu o ngā momo whakatipu, ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te kai, ā, ka rerekē te nui o te waikawa waro tāpiri e tika ana mō ngā momo kararehe wai rerekē.

2. Wā tāpiri: he rerekē te pānga o te tāpiri i ngā waikawa rauropi i ngā wāhanga tipu rerekē o ngā kararehe wai. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he pai rawa te pānga whakatairanga tipu i te tamarikitanga, me te tere piki taumaha teitei rawa atu o te 24.8%. I te pakeketanga, he mārama ngā pānga ki ētahi atu āhuatanga, pērā i te ahotea ārai mate.

3. Ētahi atu kai o te whāngai: he pānga tahi ngā waikawa waro me ētahi atu kai o te whāngai. He kaha te pūmua me te ngako kei roto i te whāngai ki te pupuri i te kai, ka taea te whakapai ake i te waikawa o te whāngai, te whakaiti i te kaha pupuri o te whāngai, te whakahaere i te mimiti me te pākia o te tinana, ā, ka pā ki te kai e kainga ana me te nakunaku.

4. Ngā āhuatanga o waho: kia pai ai te pānga o ngā waikawa rauropi, he mea nui anō hoki kia tika te pāmahana wai, te kanorau me te hanganga taupori o ētahi atu momo phytoplankton i roto i te taiao wai, kia kounga teitei te kai, kia pai te whanaketanga o ngā para ika, kia kore e pāngia e te mate, kia tika hoki te maha o ngā kararehe.

5. Pāhare pākawa waroMā te tāpiri i te pāhare pāporo dicarboxylate ka taea te whakaiti i te nui o te tāpiri, ā, ka pai ake te whakatutuki i te kaupapa.