Ko te heihei te hua nui rawa atu o te whakaputanga me te kai mīti o te ao. Tata ki te 70% o te heihei o te ao i ahu mai i ngā heihei huruhuru mā. Ko te heihei te tuarua o ngā hua mīti nui rawa atu i Haina. Ko te nuinga o te heihei i Haina i ahu mai i ngā heihei huruhuru mā me ngā heihei huruhuru kōwhai. Ko te takoha a ngā heihei huruhuru mā ki te whakaputanga heihei i Haina he tata ki te 45%, ā, ko ngā heihei huruhuru kōwhai he tata ki te 38%.

Ko te heihei parai huruhuru mā te mea he iti rawa te ōwehenga o te kai ki te mīti, ko te nui rawa o te whakatipuranga nui, ā, ko te nui rawa o te whakawhirinaki ki waho. Ko ngā momo heihei parai huruhuru kōwhai e whakamahia ana i Haina he momo whakatipu-ake katoa, ā, ko te maha o ngā momo e whakatipuria ana te mea nui rawa atu i roto i ngā momo kararehe me ngā heihei katoa, he tauira angitu tēnei o te huri i te painga rauemi o ngā momo ā-rohe hei painga hua.

1. Te hītori whanaketanga o ngā momo heihei

I whakangāwaritia te heihei kāinga e te manu pāpaka ngahere o Āhia i te 7000-10000 tau ki muri, ā, ka taea te whai i tōna hītori whakangāwari mai i te neke atu i te 1000 BC. He rite te āhua o te tinana, te tae o te huruhuru, te waiata, me ērā atu mea o te heihei kāinga ki te heihei taketake. Kua whakamātauhia e ngā rangahau cytogenetic me te morphology ko te heihei taketake te tūpuna tika o te heihei kāinga o ēnei rā. E whā ngā momo o te puninga Gallinula, ko te whero (Gallus gallus, Pikitia 3), te kara matomato (Gallus various), te hiku pango (Gallus lafayetii) me te Grey Striped (Gallus sonnerati). E rua ngā tirohanga rerekē mō te takenga mai o te heihei kāinga mai i te heihei taketake: e kī ana te ariā takenga kotahi ka taea te whakangāwari i te heihei taketake Whero kotahi, neke atu rānei; E ai ki te ariā takenga maha, hei tāpiri atu ki te heihei ngahere whero, ko ētahi atu Manu Ngāhere ngā tūpuna o ngā heihei kāinga. I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau e tautoko ana i te ariā takenga kotahi, arā, ko te heihei kāinga i ahu mai i te heihei ngahere whero.

 

（1）Te tukanga whakatipu i ngā heihei parai o tāwāhi

I mua i te tekau tau 1930, i whakahaerehia te kōwhiringa rōpū me te whakatipu kore whakapapa. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te kōwhiringa ko te mahi whakaputa hua manu, ko te heihei he hua taha, ā, ko te whakatipu heihei he tauira ōhanga marae iti. I te hanganga o te pouaka hua manu kati-ake i te tekau tau 1930, i tīpakohia te mahi whakaputa hua manu i runga i te rekoata whakaputa hua manu takitahi; I ngā tekau tau 1930-50, mā te whakamahi i te hangarau ranu takirua kānga hei tohutoro, ka whakauruhia te heterosis ki te whakatipu heihei, ka tere te whakakapi i te whakatipu raina parakore, ā, ka noho hei kaupapa matua o te whakaputa heihei arumoni. Kua whanake haere ngā tikanga taurite o te ranu mai i te ranu takirua tuatahi ki te taurite o te toru me te whā. I pai ake te whai huatanga o te kōwhiringa o ngā āhuatanga iti me te iti o te tuku iho i muri i te tīmatanga o te tuhi whakapapa i te tekau tau 1940, ā, ka taea te karo i te hekenga uri i puta mai i ngā whanaunga tata. I muri i te tau 1945, i whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau tauira matapōkere e ētahi umanga tuatoru, ngā teihana whakamātautau rānei i Uropi me Amerika. Ko te kaupapa he arotake i ngā momo i uru ki te aromatawai i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao ōrite, ā, i whai wāhi nui ki te whakapai ake i te wāhi mākete o ngā momo tino pai me te mahi tino pai. I mutu tēnei mahi ine mahi i ngā tau 1970. I ngā tau 1960-1980, ko te kōwhiringa matua o ngā āhuatanga ngāwari ki te ine, pērā i te whakaputanga hua manu, te tere pao, te tere tipu me te tere hurihanga whāngai, i hangaia te nuinga ki te heihei wheua me te kai a te whare. Ko te whakatau i te tere hurihanga whāngai i roto i te whare kotahi mai i ngā tau 1980 kua whai wāhi tika ki te whakaiti i te kai o te whāngai heihei me te whakapai ake i te tere whakamahinga o te whāngai. Mai i ngā tau 1990, kua arohia ngā āhuatanga tukatuka, pērā i te taumaha kupenga me te taumaha sternum kore wheua. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga aromatawai ira pērā i te matapae raina kore whakaaro pai rawa atu (BLUP) me te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau rorohiko he mea nui ki te whanaketanga whakatipu. Whai muri i te urunga ki te rautau 21, ka tīmata te whakatipu heihei ki te whakaaro ki te kounga o ngā hua me te oranga kararehe. I tēnei wā, kei te huri te hangarau whakatipu ira-pūmua o te heihei parai, e tohuhia ana e te kōwhiringa whānui ira (GS) mai i te rangahau me te whanaketanga ki te tono.

（2） Te tukanga whakatipu i te heihei parai i Haina

I waenganui o te rautau 19, ko ngā heihei ā-rohe i Haina te mea nui o te ao mō te whakaputa hua manu me te whakaputa mīti. Hei tauira, ko te whakaurunga mai o te heihei maunga wuruhi me te heihei kōwhai nine Jin mai i Jiangsu me Shanghai i Haina, kātahi mai i te UK ki te United States, whai muri i te whakatipuranga, kua mōhiotia hei momo paerewa i ngā whenua e rua. E kiia ana ko te heihei Langshan he momo whakamahi rua, ā, e kiia ana ko te heihei kōwhai nine Jin he momo mīti. He awe nui tō ēnei momo ki te hanganga o ētahi momo kararehe me ngā heihei rongonui o te ao, pērā i te British oppington me te Australian Black Australia kua whakauru mai i te whanaungatanga toto o te heihei maunga wuruhi ki Haina. Ko Rockcock, Luodao whero me ētahi atu momo e whakamahi ana i te heihei kōwhai nine Jin hei rauemi whakatipu. Mai i te mutunga o te rautau 19 ki te 1930, he hua kaweake nui ngā hua manu me te heihei ki Haina. Engari i muri i tērā, i noho tonu te umanga whakatipu heihei i Haina ki te taumata whānui, ā, he tawhiti rawa te taumata whakaputa heihei i te taumata matatau o te ao. I waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1960, e toru ngā momo heihei Huiyang, heihei hemp Qingyuan me heihei Shiqi i whiriwhiria hei kaupapa matua mō te whakapai ake i Hong Kong. I whakatinanahia te whakatipu heihei ranu mā te whakamahi i te Han Xia hou, te bailoc, te baikonish me te habad hei whakatipu heihei ranu Shiqi, he mea nui tēnei i roto i te whakaputa me te kai i ngā heihei tunu kai o Hong Kong. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1970 ki te tekau tau atu i 1980, i whakaurua mai te heihei ranu Shiqi ki Guangdong me Guangxi, ā, i whakawhitia ki ngā heihei mā, ka hanga he heihei ranu Shiqi kua whakarerekētia, ā, i horapa whānuitia te whakaputa. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1960 ki te tekau tau atu i 1980, i whakamahia e mātou te whakatipu heihei ranu me te whiriwhiri whānau hei whakatipu heihei maunga wuruhi hou, heihei Xinpu East me heihei xinyangzhou. Mai i te tau 1983 ki te tau 2015, i tangohia e ngā heihei huruhuru kōwhai te momo whakatipu i te raki me te tonga, ā, i whakamahia katoatia ngā rerekētanga o te taiao āhuarangi, te whāngai, te kaha tangata me te hangarau whakatipu i waenga i te raki me te tonga, ā, i whāngai i ngā heihei a ngā mātua ki ngā rohe raki o Henan, Shanxi me Shaanxi. I haria ngā hua arumoni ki te tonga mō te whakatipu me te whakatipu, ā, i pai ake ai te whai huatanga o ngā heihei huruhuru kōwhai. I tīmata te whakatipu pūnaha o te heihei huruhuru kōwhai i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980. Ko te whakaurunga o ngā ira whai hua whakaheke pērā i ngā ira penapena witi iti me te iti (ira DW) me te ira huruhuru mā whakaheke i whai wāhi nui ki te whakatipu i ngā heihei huruhuru kōwhai i Haina. Tata ki te hautoru o ngā momo heihei huruhuru kōwhai i Haina kua whakamahi i ēnei tikanga. I te tau 1986, i whakauruhia e te kamupene whakawhanake heihei a Guangzhou Baiyun te heihei ranu mā whakaheke me te heihei Shiqi hei whakatipu i te 882 heihei huruhuru kōwhai. I te tau 1999, i whakatupu a Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. i te raina tuatahi o te heihei huruhuru kōwhai 128 (Pikitia 4) i whakaaetia e te kawanatanga. Whai muri i tēnā, ka tere te whanaketanga o te whakatipu momo hou o te heihei huruhuru kōwhai i Haina. Hei whakarite i te whakamātautau me te whakaaetanga o ngā momo, i whakatūria te Pokapū Tirotiro me te Tirotiro me te Whakamātautau Kounga Heihei (Yangzhou) o te Manatū Ahuwhenua me ngā Taiwhenua (Beijing) i te tau 1998 me te tau 2003, ā, ko rātou te kawenga mō te ine i te mahi whakaputa heihei ā-motu.

 

2, Te whakawhanaketanga o te whakatipu heihei hou i te kāinga me tāwāhi

（1） Te whanaketanga o tāwāhi

Mai i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1950, ko te ahunga whakamua o te whakatipu ira kua whakatakoto i te turanga mō te whakaputa heihei hou, kua whakatairanga i te motuhaketanga o te whakaputa hua manu me te heihei, ā, kua noho te whakaputa heihei heihei hei umanga heihei motuhake. I roto i ngā tau 80 kua pahure ake nei, kua whakahaerehia e Amerika Te Raki me ngā whenua o Ūropi ki te Hauāuru te whakatipu ira pūnaha mō te tere tipu, te utu whāngai me te hanganga tinana o ngā heihei, ka hangaia he momo heihei heihei huruhuru mā o ēnei rā, ā, ka tere te noho ki te mākete o te ao. Ko te momo toa o te heihei heihei huruhuru mā o ēnei rā ko te heihei Cornish mā, ā, ko te momo uwha ko te heihei Plymouth Rock mā. Ka puta te heterosis mā te whakawhanaunga pūnaha. I tēnei wā, tae atu ki Haina, ko ngā momo matua e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakaputa heihei heihei huruhuru mā o te ao ko AA+, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard me ētahi atu momo, nō aviagen me Cobb vantress. He pūnaha whakatipu pakeke, he tino pai hoki te heihei heihei huruhuru mā, e hanga ana i te hanganga piramita e tito ana i te rōpū matua whakatipu, ngā tupuna, ngā koroua, ngā mātua me ngā heihei arumoni. E 4-5 tau te roa mō te ahunga whakamua ira o te rōpū matua kia tukuna ki ngā heihei arumoni (Pikitia 5). Ka taea e te heihei matua kotahi te whakaputa i te neke atu i te 3 miriona heihei parai arumoni me te neke atu i te 5000 tana heihei. I tēnei wā, e whakaputa ana te ao i te 11.6 miriona huinga heihei parai huruhuru mā, 600 miriona huinga heihei parai matua me te 80 piriona heihei arumoni i ia tau.

 

3. Ngā raruraru me ngā āputa

（1） Te whakatipu i te heihei huruhuru mā

Ki te whakatauritea ki te taumata matatau o te ao mō te whakatipu heihei manu mā, he poto te wā whakatipu heihei manu mā motuhake o Haina, he ngoikore te turanga o te kohikohi rauemi ira whakaputa nui, kāore i te rawaka te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te whakatipu irahiko, ā, he nui te āputa i roto i te rangahau me te whakawhanake i te hangarau purenga mate taketake me ngā hua kimi. Ko ngā taipitopito e whai ake nei: 1. He maha ngā momo momo pai o ngā kamupene o te ao whānui me te tere tipu me te tere whakaputa mīti teitei, ā, mā te whakakotahitanga me te whakaritenga anō o ngā kamupene whakatipu pēnei i ngā heihei manu me ngā heihei papa, ka nui ake te whai hua o ngā rauemi me ngā ira, ka whakarato i te taurangi mō te whakatipu momo hou; He ngoikore te turanga o ngā rauemi whakatipu heihei manu mā i Haina, ā, he iti noa ngā rauemi whakatipu pai.

2. Hangarau whakatipu. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā kamupene o te ao whānui me te neke atu i te 100 tau o te wheako whakatipu, ka tīmata tōmuri te whakatipu heihei manu mā i Haina, ā, he nui te āputa i waenga i te rangahau me te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakatipu taurite i waenga i te tipu me te whakaputa uri me te taumata matatau o te ao. Kāore i te teitei te taumata whakamahinga o ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te whakatipu ira; kāore i te nui te hangarau ine tika atamai me te momo whakaputa uri teitei, he iti te taumata tono kohikohi raraunga aunoa me te tuku raraunga.

3. Hangarau purenga o ngā mate taketake. Kua whakamahia e ngā kamupene whakatipu heihei nui o te ao ngā mahi purenga whai hua mō ngā mate tuku poutū o te mate totohu manu, te mate pullorum me ētahi atu mate taketake, ā, kua tino whakapai ake i te whakataetae o ngā hua. Ko te purenga o te mate totohu manu me te mate pullorum he ara poto e aukati ana i te whanaketanga o te umanga whakatipu heihei o Haina, ā, he nui te whakawhirinaki o ngā kete kimi ki ngā kawemai.

（2） Te whakatipu i te heihei huruhuru kōwhai

Ko te whakatipu me te whakaputa i te heihei parai huruhuru kōwhai i Haina kei te taumata teitei o te ao. Heoi, he nui te maha o ngā umanga whakatipu, he kore taurite te tauine, he ngoikore te kaha hangarau whānui, kāore i te rawaka te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakatipu matatau, ā, he iti noa ngā whare whakatipu me ngā taputapu; he iti noa ngā momo whakatipu auau, ā, he iti noa ngā momo matua he āhuatanga kitea, he pai te mahi me te nui o te wahanga mākete; Mō te wā roa, ko te whāinga whakatipu he urutau ki te hononga o ngā hoko heihei ora, pērā i te tae huruhuru, te āhua tinana me te āhua, e kore nei e taea te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete mō te patu tangata pokapū me ngā hua whakamatao i raro i te āhuatanga hou.

He nui ngā momo heihei ā-rohe i Haina, ā, he maha ngā āhuatanga ira tino pai kua puta i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao me te pāpori-ōhanga mō te wā roa, uaua hoki. Heoi, mō te wā roa, kāore i te nui te rangahau hōhonu mō ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi ira, kāore i te rawaka te rangahau me te aromatawai i ngā momo rauemi, ā, kāore hoki i te rawaka te tautoko mōhiohio i te tātari me te aromatawai. Hei tāpiri, kāore i te rawaka te hanganga o tētahi pūnaha aroturuki hihiri o ngā momo rauemi, ā, kāore i te whānui, i te pūnaha hoki te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga rauemi me te kaha urutau, te hua nui me te kounga teitei o ngā rauemi ira, ka hua ake te korenga o te keri me te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga pai o ngā momo ira ā-rohe, ka whakararu i te tukanga tiaki, whakawhanake me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi ira ā-rohe, ā, ka pā ki te taumata whakaputa o te umanga heihei i Haina. Te whakataetae mākete o ngā hua heihei me te whanaketanga pumau o te umanga heihei.